In the spring of 2003, more than a million people marched through the streets of cities across Europe and the U.S. to rail against U.S. plans to invade Iraq and oust Saddam Hussein. Amid the chants for peace was an angry accusation: the war was merely a grab by Western companies for Iraq’s vast oil reserves.
Nearly seven years on and after more than 4,600 Americans and tens of thousands of Iraqis have been killed Iraq’s natural resources are only now emerging as spoils of war. As U.S. troops prepare to withdraw from the country next year, some of the world’s biggest energy companies, among them ExxonMobil and Royal Dutch Shell, are racing to lock up multibillion-dollar deals with officials in Baghdad that will allow them to exploit the country’s giant oil fields. The deals will not only allow Big Oil to return to Iraq for the first time since Saddam nationalized the industry in 1972. By modernizing a production system wrecked by conflict and embargoes, Iraq’s exports could also get a huge boost, putting the country’s parlous economy on firmer footing and allowing Iraq to take its place as an oil power almost equal to Saudi Arabia. (Watch a video about the gas shortage in Iraq.)