FEBRUARY 06, 2012

By Isis Almeida

Feb. 6 (Bloomberg) — Raizen, a joint venture of Royal Dutch Shell Plc and Cosan Industria & Comercio SA in Brazil, will process 9 percent more sugar cane in the season starting in April than a year earlier, commercial director Ivan Melo said.

Raizen’s cane processing in the 2012-13 season will be 57.6 million metric tons, with sugar output up about 15 percent to 4.3 million tons and ethanol supply about 10 percent higher at 2.4 billion liters (634 million gallons), Melo said in an interview at the Kingsman conference in Dubai today. Sweetener content will also rise, he said.

“We have an accelerated replanting program and we have two mills, one in Mato Grosso do Sul and one in Goias, where production will be rising this year because they are new units,” he said. It takes five to six years for a new mill to reach capacity, he said. Melo is based in Sao Paulo.

The cane crop in Brazil’s center-south, the main growing region of the world’s biggest producer, will be 536 million tons in the period, Melo said in a speech at the conference yesterday. That compares with an output of 492.7 million tons so far this season, data from Brazilian industry group Unica show. Sugar output in the area will be 33 million to 34.5 million tons, he said.

Sugar cane output in the center-south fell for the first time in a decade in the 2011-12 season after frost, flowering and dry weather damaged the crop, Unica said. Flowering and frost reduced productivity by 4 percent last year, Melo said.

“Everybody is accelerating planting so if we have normal weather conditions, without frost and flowering, it is normal that production will rise,” he said.

Ethanol Switch

Producers in Brazil will direct 47 percent of the cane to sugar production this year, down from 48 percent in the 2011-12 season because of lower prices, he said. Both sugar and ethanol are made from raw material cane in the South American country.

Sugar reached a 30-year high of 36.08 cents a pound in February 2011, and ended the year down 27 percent on speculation supplies will outpace demand. The global surplus will be 6.5 million to 8 million tons in 2011-12, Melo said.

“Lower sugar prices will give an incentive for the Brazilian producer to want to explore the domestic and export ethanol market,” he said. “Below 22 cents a pound the producer will start looking for other alternatives other than sugar.”

Raw sugar for March delivery was up 1.2 percent at 24.22 cents a pound at 10:30 a.m. London time on the ICE Futures U.S. exchange in New York.

Brazilian ports should not experience bottlenecks this year because the sugar market is moving into a so-called contango and therefore there won’t be a rush to obtain the product, he said. A contango structure is when sugar for delivery in later dates becomes more expensive than the sweetener for immediate delivery, signaling ample supplies.

–Editors: Claudia Carpenter, Sharon Lindores

To contact the reporter on this story: Isis Almeida in Dubai at ialmeida3@bloomberg.net

To contact the editor responsible for this story: Claudia Carpenter at ccarpenter2@bloomberg.net

SOURCE ARTICLE

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By Arnaldo Galvao and Lucia Kassai – Dec 15, 2011 4:38 PM GMT

Royal Dutch Shell Plc (RDSA) and Cosan Industria & Comercio SA’s joint venture in Brazil has reached a preliminary accord to sell its jet-fuel unit to BP Plc, the nation’s antitrust regulator said today.

The venture, called Raizen, was granted an additional five days to present the agreement to the regulator before being fined, Olavo Chinaglia, interim president of the agency, said at a meeting in Brasilia today. Cade, as the regulator is known, ordered the sale after Shell and Cosan combined some assets in Brazil, including service stations and the jet-fuel unit that Cosan had bought from Exxon Mobil Corp. (XOM)

“Failure to carry out Cade’s decision means the operation will have to be reverted with a return of assets to Cosan,” said Chinaglia. “This would affects the assessment of the joint venture formed between Shell and Cosan.”

A final ruling on the entire joint venture hasn’t been scheduled yet, Cade’s attorney Gilvandro Araujo said. Raizen is the world’s biggest processor of sugar-cane into sweetener and ethanol.

To contact the reporters on this story: Arnaldo Galvao in Brasilia Newsroom at agalvao1@bloomberg.net; Lucia Kassai in Sao Paulo at lkassai@bloomberg.net

To contact the editor responsible for this story: Carlos Caminada at ccaminada1@bloomberg.net

SOURCE ARTICLE

December 15, 2011

The U.K.’s advertising watchdog has ruled in favor of oil giant Shell over claims it made in a magazine advert that its biofuels reduced CO2 emissions.

Nonprofit ActionAid UK had challenged that the advert, which called the fuels “one of the most effective ways of reducing CO2 from cars and trucks today,” was misleading. ActionAid said that evidence showed that biofuels did not reduce CO2 emissions from vehicles when the full life-cycle of the fuel was taken into account.

But the ASA ruled in favor of Shell yesterday stating that the company had provided data for biofuels manufactured in the U.S. and Brazil for distribution in the U.S. and Europe and that that data had shown that its biofuel did indeed have the capability to reduce CO2 emissions compared to that of petrol over its life-cycle.

Shell has been accused of overplaying its environmental credentials in advertising before. In 2009, Greenpeace took issue with an advert that it claimed suggested that more of Shell’s revenue was derived from renewable sources than was true.

In 2007, Friends of the Earth Europe filed simultaneous complaints to the national advertising standards authorities of Belgium, the Netherlands, and the U.K. about a Shell advertisement depicting the outline of an oil refinery emitting flowers rather than smoke.

SOURCE ARTICLE

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(Reuters) – Energy and financial companies caught up in a scheme involving fraudulent renewable energy credits could now face civil fines from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

The EPA has issued 24 notices of violation to more than a dozen companies, including units of Royal Dutch Shell, Exxon Mobil and Morgan Stanley, for the use of invalid renewable identification numbers, or RINs, according to the EPA website.

To encourage renewable fuel output, the government requires U.S. oil companies to produce a certain amount of renewable fuel, or to purchase the RIN credits from producers of renewable fuels.

The companies were cited by EPA for using fake credits purchased from Clean Green Fuel LLC. That company’s owner, Rodney Hailey, has been charged with carrying out a $9 million scam involving the distribution of 32 million invalid credits.

Under the Clean Air Act, the EPA can assess fines of up $37,500 a day per violation for companies using the invalid credits, in addition to the economic benefits or savings that resulted from the violations.

The EPA said in a statement that it was in discussions on how to move forward with each company that was issued a notice of violation and with industry officials on the issues raised by invalid renewable energy credits.

“Enforcement of the renewable fuel requirements helps protect the program’s integrity and maintain a level playing field for regulated companies,” the agency said.

Shell said it is working with the agency to resolve this matter.

“When these RINS were purchased, they were believed to be valid,” Shell spokeswoman Jill Davis said in a statement.

Exxon Mobil referred comments about the notices to industry trade groups, the American Petroleum Institute and the National Petrochemical and Refiners Association.

API and NPRA sent a letter to EPA earlier this month expressing concerns about fraudulent renewable energy credits.

“Obligated parties that purchase invalid or fraudulent RINs have little means of discovering the problem, and are potentially faced with penalties for non-compliance with (Renewable Fuel Standard) requirements if the RINs are later deemed to be invalid,” the groups said.

Morgan Stanley declined to comment on the notices.

For a full list of companies that received notices, please see: link.reuters.com/kur94s

SOURCE ARTICLE

Updated: 2011-11-09

By Peter Voser (China Daily)

Coordinated global response is needed to meet challenge of providing more energy for more people and cutting CO2

Our world reached a significant milestone on Oct 31 when a mother gave birth to the Earth’s 7 billionth inhabitant. At this rate, the Earth will be home to more than 9 billion people by 2050 a number with an enormous potential impact on the global demand for energy, water and food.

Planning wisely for the future energy needs of this huge population is one of the most important challenges our generation faces, in part because it is far more than just an energy issue. Our future energy challenge is also a global security issue, an environmental issue, an economic issue and a jobs issue.

The global energy system is already in the early stages of a fundamental transformation. The future will see expanded use of renewable energy and cleaner fossil fuels. We will have more energy choices, but those choices will be more costly, so we will all have to become smarter about using energy efficiently.

Despite the scale of the challenge, I’m confident human ingenuity and technological innovation can make it happen. But what is lacking today is the common will to act. Getting where we need to go will require a new level of leadership and global collaboration on multiple fronts.

But the leadership triangle of government, business and society is increasingly ineffective. We need to rekindle the spirit of global cooperation and leadership that helped us deal with past challenges.

Simply put, our challenge is to produce far more energy for a world with far more people. At the same time, we need to reduce CO2 emissions and get smarter about how we extract and use our resources. And we will need to do this against a backdrop of almost constant volatility and change.

A big part of a broader global energy mix will be the rapidly expanding contribution of renewable energy resources. Up to 30 percent of the world’s energy mix could come from renewables by 2050. But that target assumes a very rapid growth rate that will require significant effort and sustained investment.

Even if the world achieves this target, all forms of energy will need to be developed to meet the future demand.

Among fossil fuels, natural gas will play an increasingly important role. It is the cleanest burning and the best ally of wind and solar power, which need a highly flexible backup.

Natural gas is also an ideal alternative to coal-fired power plants, emitting 50 to 70 percent less CO2. Replacing coal with gas to produce electricity is, by far, the fastest and least expensive way for the world to reduce CO2 emissions in the energy sector. Gas is affordable, its resource base is vast and widely dispersed, and it can help diversify energy supplies all of which enhance energy security.

It is also important that we focus on the ways in which water, energy and food are interconnected. Water is used to produce nearly all forms of energy energy is used to move and treat water, and energy and water are used to produce food. There is a growing awareness that the path to a more sustainable energy future will require society to balance the needs of these systems, while at the same time, keeping sight of carbon emissions and other resource stresses.

At Shell we have brought together specialists from various fields to map the links and better understand the trade-offs. Our early findings have identified two important factors that could help avoid a future water-energy-food crisis: smart urban development and greenhouse gas regulation and pricing.

Cities today hold half of the world’s population and generate up to 80 percent of its CO2 emissions. The global urban proportion is expected to grow to 75 percent by 2050. So the way in which our cities develop will greatly affect energy and water demand.

Through more efficient public transport, energy-efficient buildings and designs that utilize waste heat as an efficient energy source, and through investing heavily to upgrade our infrastructure, we can offset some of the growth in energy demand while creating new jobs.

But what is still urgently needed is a global consensus on greenhouse gas regulation and pricing. Widespread adoption of the most cost-effective CO2 reduction measures will only occur when governments promote frameworks to price CO2.

It brings us back to the need for leadership and global collaboration.

The absence of coherent energy policies among some of our largest energy-consuming nations and regions is a direct result of the lack of leadership and, more broadly, a troubling lack of basic trust between business, government and society.

Rather than choosing winners and losers, governments should set the goals and then provide appropriate incentives that let the market determine the most effective solutions.

I’m optimistic we will meet this challenge, as there are past examples of global leadership that offer hope. The coordinated response to the 2008 financial crisis is one. The international agreement to ban substances blamed for depleting the ozone layer is another.

Today we have a major opportunity to address the energy challenge in a way that avoids unnecessary pain in the future. Let’s not waste it.

The author is chief executive officer of Royal Dutch Shell. The article is based on a speech he delivered on Oct 31 to the Singapore Energy Summit.

(China Daily 11/09/2011 page8)

SOURCE ARTICLE

New ways to extract oil and natural gas could buy the U.S. some time to develop renewable energy. Or they could keep us addicted to dirty fuels.

INTRODUCTION

For renewable energy, even the successes can reveal how much work remains to be done: huge amounts of hydroelectric and wind power in the Pacific Northwest sometimes threaten to overwhelm the grid. So is it good news that recent approaches to drilling have created a boom for fossil fuels?

Companies can now extract oil and natural gas from the high Arctic, shale, oil sands and deepwater wells. These fossil fuels are still finite and dwindling, but tapping the new sources pushes back the date of “peak oil.” Does that give the United States necessary time to develop sustainable energy sources, or will it keep Americans needlessly addicted to dirty fuels by keeping them cheap — and eroding the “energy security” argument?

Cheap Gas Is a Trap

Updated November 6, 2011, 07:00 PM

Matthew Kotchen is a professor of environmental economics and policy at Yale University.

New and efficient technologies for extracting oil and natural gas are increasing the supply of both fuels from North America. But the consequences will be different for oil than for natural gas. Oil is traded in a highly integrated world market, and the relatively small increases in North American oil will have virtually no effect on prices. The result is that our demand for oil will remain unaffected by the change in supply, though we may take comfort in knowing that more of the oil we use is produced closer to home.

Natural gas is a different story. The markets are far less integrated, so the increase in domestic supply will lower prices and increase demand. We will have more households switching from oil to natural gas for heating, and we will have relatively more electricity generated with natural gas than with coal. The lower prices will be a good thing for consumers paying their utility bills, and there will be health and environmental benefits because natural gas is a relatively clean fuel.

But more and cheaper natural gas does not help our prospects for bolstering renewable sources of energy, including solar, wind and biomass. History has shown repeatedly that nothing is worse for renewable energy — and the policies that support it — than cheap and abundant conventional energy. Without the urgency of high fuel prices, the United States has never sustained meaningful private and public investment in the technological innovation and deployment of renewables.

We should do our best to make sure this time is different. There has been meaningful investment — both public and private — in recent years, and despite our current economic challenges, it would be a mistake to turn back these efforts. Also, we must not throw out the baby with the bath water in response to the Solyndra bankruptcy. Instead, it is critical that we find ways to do better with the right economic incentives.

The expansion of oil and natural gas supplies in North America changes little about our long-term energy challenges. Beyond the growing demand for energy worldwide, climate change is an increasingly important and closely related problem. Conventional sources of energy generate greenhouse-gas emissions that cause global warming. While the burning of natural gas generates fewer emissions than oil and coal, its emissions are nevertheless substantial — and extraction using hydraulic fracturing raises other environmental concerns.

Renewable sources of energy provide a leading alternative, and we need a sustained commitment to improving these technologies with the aim of making them cost competitive. Indeed, it should be concerning that China is doing exactly this while we in the U.S. watch our former leadership in renewable energy continue to erode.

SOURCE ARTICLE

Debaters

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  Lisa Margonelli, New America Foundation

BUSINESS CHINA

11 Oct 2011

This article should be read in conjunction with a related article: Brazilian Indians demand Shell leave their land

Extract:

Survival’s Director, Stephen Corry, said today, ‘It’s a sad irony that people buy Shell’s ethanol as an ‘ethical’ alternative to fossil fuels: there’s certainly nothing ethical about its horrendous treatment of the Guarani.

Guarani man. Shell is using sugarcane planted on Guarani land. © F. Watson/Survival

Brazilian tribe’s ‘unequalled’ suicide rate highlighted on World Mental Heath Day 7 October 2011

On World Mental Health Day (October 10) Survival International has warned of the fatal and lasting consequences land loss can have on indigenous peoples.

An epidemic of suicide unique in South America has beset one tribe in Brazil – ”the Guarani”:/tribes/guarani. More than 625 Guarani have taken their lives since 1981, the youngest just 9 years old.

The tribe has seen virtually all its land stolen in recent decades by farmers and cattle ranchers.

According to the World Health Organization, ‘indigenous peoples often have elevated suicide rates compared with the general population in their countries. Depending on the place and age group, the suicide rate can be over 100/100,000 per year, and two, three or more times higher than the general population.’

Guarani Indians evicted from their land, now camping by a highway.
© CIMI

This is particularly prevalent among the Guarani. A study initiated by Brazil’s Ministry of Health found the suicide rates amongst the tribe to be 19 times higher than the national average. It also noted a disproportionate effect on young and adolescent Guarani.

Survival’s Director Stephen Corry said today, ‘What could be a clearer sign of these people’s desperation than their children killing themselves? It’s a shameful indictment of Brazil’s economic ‘miracle’, propped up with stolen Guarani land. The suicides stop when the evictions stop.’

For further information on the effects loss of land and imposed ‘development’ can have on tribal peoples, see Survival’s ‘Progress can kill’ site.

SOURCE ARTICLE

Royal Dutch Shell will invest more than $1.6bn in the second phase exploration of a key Brazilian oil block and also plans to compete in the country’s next auction of oil and gas concessions, senior company figures have disclosed.

An oil rig in Guanabara bay, Rio de Janeiro Photo: Alamy

By Robin Yapp, in Sao Paulo 7:07PM BST 21 Sep 2011

Already Brazil’s second biggest oil producer after the state-run energy giant Petrobras, Shell has had impressive results in the Campos Basin, part of Brazil’s pre-salt oil fields that lie deep below the Atlantic ocean and a thick layer of salt.

Production in the area has been 30pc higher than anticipated, convincing Shell to make substantial further investment in the hope of seeing similarly impressive results.

Andre Araujo, president of Shell Brazil, said the second phase development of the BC-10 block in the Campos Basin – in which Shell has a 50pc share and is believed to hold 400m barrels of recoverable oil – will start next year.

“To give you an idea of the importance of exploratory activity in Brazil for Shell, we are going to invest, just in the second phase of BC-10, more than the $1.6bn that we spent to set up Raizen [its joint venture Brazilian ethanol plant],” he said.

Marvin Odum, Shell’s director of exploration and production for the Americas, said the company would look to further expand in Brazil because it now appears a more attractive investment prospect than many other oil-producing nations.

“The opportunities that we find here are of the highest quality in global terms, both from the regulatory point of view and geological,” Mr Odum told business newspaper Brasil Economico.

“Because of this, we don’t believe that a recovery of production in countries such as Iraq and Libya, in the future, will reduce Brazil’s attractiveness. The pre-salt has areas of the highest quality.”

Mr Odum indicated that Shell was likely to compete when Brazil’s National Petroleum Agency auctions new exploration blocks off the country’s north-east coast in 2012 but said a final decision would be taken after details of the auction are published.

SOURCE ARTICLE

In a 2009 report on Brazil, the UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people, mister James Anaya, wrote that Mato Grosso do Sul “has the highest rate of indigenous children’s death due to precarious conditions of health and access to water and food, related to lack of lands.”

From pages 22, 23 & 24 of “Royal Dutch Shell and its sustainability troubles” – Background report to the Erratum of Shell’s Annual Report 2010

The report is made on behalf of Milieudefensie (Friends of the Earth Netherlands)
Author: Albert ten Kate: May 2011.

Joint venture with Brazil’s largest sugar and ethanol producer

On 25 August 2010, Royal Dutch Shell and the Brazilian sugar and ethanol producer Cosan S.A. have signed binding agreements to form a joint venture in Brazil. The definite formation of the joint venture is expected to occur in the first half of 2011. The name of the joint venture will be Raízen. “Due to the size of its operations, Raízen will help sugarcane ethanol, a sustainable, clean and renewable source of energy, to consolidate itself worldwide and strengthen Brazil‘s position in the international biofuels trading business,” stated its appointed Chief Executive Officer, Vasco Dias.

Cosan is Brazil’s largest sugar and ethanol producer, accounting for about 10 percent of Brazilian production. Ethanol made from sugarcane has become the most popular fuel for cars in Brazil, surpassing gasoline. Cosan is the world’s fourth largest ethanol producer and probably the world’s largest ethanol producer from sugarcane.

The deal calls for Cosan to transfer its units for sugar and ethanol production, fuel distribution and energy generation to the venture. Shell will contribute its retail fuel and aviation fuel distribution business, and its participation in the biomass technology companies Iogen Energy and Codexis.

After state oil giant Petrobras, the proposed joint venture competes with Ipiranga, a unit of Brazil’s Grupo Ultra, to become the second-largest fuel retailer in Brazil. In the fuel area, the joint venture will sell approximately 20 billion litres of fuels to the transportation and industry markets and to its network of over 4,500 retail sites.

All Cosan’s 24 sugarcane producing mills are located in the South-Central region of Brazil: 22 mills are located in São Paulo state, one in Jataí city (Goiás state) and one in Caarapó city (Mato Grosso do Sul state).

Brazil’s sugarcane plantations are located in the South-Central and North-eastern regions. These regions account for 89% and 11% of Brazilian production, respectively. Within the South-central region most is grown within São Paulo state.

Some of Cosan’s assets will not be included into the joint venture: the lubricant businesses; the sugar logistics business called Rumo Logistica; the land prospecting and development business called Radar Propriedades Agricolas, the food retail brands Da Barra, Uniao and other minor brands.

Sourcing sugarcane from occupiers of indigenous land

Since June 2009, Cosan owns a newly-built sugarcane plant in Caarapó, Mato Grosso do Sul state. Presently, the plant has a capacity to crush 2.5 million tonnes of sugarcane a year.120 The former owner has expected that the capacity will be over 6 million tonnes in 2017/2018. The plant is included into the Shell-Cosan joint venture plans, so soon it will be half owned by Shell.

To supply the Caarapó plant, Cosan sources mostly from new sugarcane plantations in the neighbourhood. One of its known sourcing areas are the farmlands of the Santa Claudina farm. This farm is located within the indigenous territory Guyraroká of the Guarani-Kaiowá Indians. The federal public prosecutor in Mato Grosso do Sul stated in May 2010 that Cosan’s purchase of raw materials from indigenous areas demonstrates its lack of social and environmental criteria for selecting suppliers, and disrespect for the second largest indigenous population of the country. The Santa Claudina farm is owned by a state representative of Mato Grosso do Sul, Zé Teixeira. Cosan has confirmed that one of its suppliers operates in the region.

According to satellite images of the Brazilian Institute for Space Research (INPE), sugarcane plantations occupy already half of the indigenous territory Guyraroká. Since there are 26 “owners” of farmland within Guyraroká, there could be more suppliers to Cosan.

The indigenous territory Guyraroká, comprising over 11.000 hectares, was traditionally occupied by Guarani-Kaiowá Indians. According to the Brazilian constitution and United Nations conventions the land is theirs.

In October 2009, the Brazilian Ministry of Justice produced a directive as a step forward to final demarcation. The next steps for the Ministry are the administrative demarcation of the area and the withdrawal of the current occupants of the area. A signature by the Brazilian President, Ms Dilma Rousseff, is needed to make the demarcation definite. Generally, however, the demarcation process moves at a very slow pace. Moreover, the current occupants of the land are not likely to leave without resistance, be it in court or in the area itself. Violence by land occupiers and discrimination against the Guarani-Kaiowá Indians are frequently performed in Mato Grosso do Sul state.

Guyraroká is just one of the indigenous territories within the Central-South region of Mato Grosso do Sul, that has experienced serious delays in being demarcated. Dozens of Guarani-Kaiowá groups are waiting for their right to plots of land. Some 30,000 Guarani-Kaiowá live in Mato Grosso do Sul state. In the past they were pushed off their land and into reservations. Today, these reservations are severely overcrowded. The communities subsist mainly on government food aid. According to the federal public prosecutor of Mato Grosso do Sul, Dr Marco Antonio Delfino de Almeida, “the demography is comparable to being imprisoned in spaces so small that social, economic and cultural life are impossible to sustain.” In a 2009 report on Brazil, the UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people, mister James Anaya, wrote that Mato Grosso do Sul “has the highest rate of indigenous children’s death due to precarious conditions of health and access to water and food, related to lack of lands.”

Sugarcane plantations are arising rapidly in Mato Grosso do Sul. The state area cultivated for sugarcane harvest amounted to 502,000 hectares during the 2010/11 season. For the 2005/06 season the figure stood at 160,000 hectares. Both Cosan and the Brazilian government havosane identified the Central-South region of Mato Grosso do Sul as one of the main areas for future growth. This is the same area as where dozens of different Guarani-Kaiowá groups are claiming plots of land.

A further extract from this section of the report will be published in the coming days:

“Cosan’s short-lived inclusion into the “dirty list” of slave labour”

THE COMPLETE 73 PAGE REPORT (with reference sources)