Fascists

When an Oil Company Builds an Intelligence Operation

Most people expect intelligence agencies to spy.

MI6.

The CIA.

Perhaps the occasional government security service.

What they do not usually expect is that a multinational oil company might run intelligence operations of its own.

Yet for decades Shell maintained a powerful internal intelligence apparatus, most notably through its controversial Corporate Affairs Security (CAS) division and through links to the private intelligence firm Hakluyt.

These operations were originally designed to monitor political risks, activist groups and security threats in regions where Shell operated. read more

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EXTRACTS FROM JOHN DONOVAN BOOK “SIR HENRI DETERDING AND THE NAZI HISTORY OF ROYAL DUTCH SHELL”

  • In the years leading up to WW2, the Dutch founder of the Royal Dutch Shell Group, Sir Henri Deterding became an ardent Nazi. He financially backed the Third Reich and met directly with Hitler on behalf of Royal Dutch Shell.
  • As a major financial contributor to Nazi Germany in pre-WW2 years, the Royal Dutch Shell Group, under Dutch leadership, arguably had some indirect responsibility for the death toll in the subsequent war, in which over 50 million people perished.
  • Shell publicly boasted at the time about the importance of its financial contribution to the German economy. The claims were made by Shell in Germany while the country was under Nazi control.
  • In years leading up to WW2, Shell conspired with partners, Standard Oil, and German chemical giant I.G. Farben, to covertly import oil products, including airplane fuel, from the US into Nazi Germany. The US government was kept in the dark.
  • I.G. Farben supplied the Zyklon-B gas used in the Holocaust to kill millions of people.
  • The portrayal in 2007 by Shell’s paid historians of a distant relationship between Deterding and Hitler, in which all attempts by Deterding to meet with Hitler were rebuffed is simply untrue.
  • In fact, their meetings included a four-day one-on-one summit held at Hitler’s mountain retreat, as reported by Reuters in 1934.
  • Deterding has been described by independent authors as “a hardline Nazi revered and ultimately mourned by Hitler.” That description is confirmed by the evidence within this book and evidence accessible via links.
  • There are credible allegations that the Royal Dutch Shell Group, under the control of Dutch directors, used forced labor at its German subsidiary, Rhenania-Ossag. Many of its directors and staff were fanatical Nazis.
  • Royal Dutch Shell collaborated in the annexation and occupation of sovereign countries by the Nazis – Austria and Czechoslovakia – before the outbreak of WW2.
  • The donations and financial contributions to the Third Reich were all carried out under the control of Dutch directors of companies within the Royal Dutch Shell Group.
  • In 1936, while still a director of multiple Royal Dutch Shell group companies, Sir Henri purchased the Castle Dobbin estate North of Berlin for 1,050,000 Reich marks from Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands.
  • Deterding moved into Castle Dobbin with his young German wife, his secretary, a fanatical Nazi said by one source to be a former private secretary of Hitler’s.
  • Sir Henri’s friend Hermann Göring, the founder of the Gestapo, regularly visited Castle Dobbin to go hunting with him. Deterding generously gave Göring the Rominten Hunting Lodge in East Prussia as a spectacular gift. Kaiser Wilhelm II once owned it.
  • In 1936 and 1937, Sir Henri – while still a director of multiple companies within the Royal Dutch Shell Group, in which he held a controlling interest – made huge donations of food (“millions of tonnes”) to Nazi Germany as part of the “Winter Help” scheme. A New York Times report in June 1937 (“Deterding to Distribute More Food in Germany”) specifically linked the food donations to Germany’s rearmament policy.
  • The massive donations enabled significant funds to be diverted at a time when the Nazi regime was engaged in urgent rearmament of its military might.
  • Seven thousand railway wagons were used in the first immense delivery.
  • Deterding died just before the outbreak of WW2. He was honored by a Nazi ceremonial funeral at Castle Dobbin in February 1939. It was attended by a full contingent of Royal Dutch Shell Group directors mingling with Nazi military officers.
  • A glowing tribute to Sir Henri on behalf of the German nation was inscribed on a wreath sent by Adolf Hitler.
  • The Bishop who conducted the funeral service was a  supporter of Hitler and a rabid anti-Semite.
  • Film footage of the Nazi funeral spectacular exists.
  • Fears that the Nazis intended to exploit the death of Sir Henri, just before the start of WW2, to seize control of the Royal Dutch Shell Group, were well founded.  The UK National Archives has kindly given permission for related documents and correspondence to be featured within this book.
  • Dutch directors of the Royal Dutch Shell Group engaged in anti-Semitic policies against Shell employees and were also guilty of collaboration and appeasement.
  • Royal Dutch Shell employees in the Netherlands were instructed to complete a form that for some amounted to a self-declared death warrant. Many did not survive the war.
  • The Nazis did succeed in gaining control over Dobbin Castle.
  • In the latter part of WW2, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, SS leader Heinrich Himmler and General Alfred Jodl, Chief of the Operations Staff of the Armed Forces High Command, were all stationed at Dobbin Castle.
  • Hitler’s final despairing message from his Berlin bunker, a day before he committed suicide, was sent to Field Marshal Keitel at Dobbin Castle, whilst it was still owned by the Deterding family. Strangely, that somehow seems appropriate.
  • Evidence was on display at Castle Dobbin, signed by Hitler, confirming Deterding’s financial support for the Nazis. Also a personal testimony by Herman Göring acknowledging the generosity of his friend and benefactor, Sir Henri Deterding.
  • The close friendship between Herman Göring and Sir Henri Deterding has been confirmed in a book published in 2015 authored by the grandson of Henry van der Waerden, Shell’s Director for Europe under Sir Henri Deterding. The content is partly based on family records, including correspondence with Deterding.
  • Please see the related article “Henry van Waerden, the Shell executive who defied Deterding and his Nazi ambitions.”
  • Shell’s HQ in Copenhagen, Denmark, was used in WW2 as the HQ for the dreaded Nazi secret police, the Gestapo. “Shellhus” was bombed and destroyed by the RAF on 21 March 1945. It had been used for the torture of Danish citizens.
  • At the time of the RAF bombing raid – Operation Carthage, Shell’s businesses in occupied Europe were under the control of Nazi administrators, some of whom ended up as executives in Shell’s German subsidiary Rhenania-Ossag after WW2 ended.
  • The above information was first published by John Donovan several years ago in defiance of litigation threats  by Michiel Brandjes, a senior lawyer and Company Secretary of Royal Dutch Shell Plc. Shell prudently decided not to sue.
  • read more

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    Grok says: You are not wrong to conclude that Shell has effectively sanitized its history…

    “You are not wrong to conclude that Shell has effectively sanitized its history on this page. The narrative is polished and one-sided, emphasizing achievements like pioneering oil transport, aviation innovations, and energy transitions while excluding well-documented controversies that could reflect poorly on the company. This selective editing aligns with patterns you’ve noted elsewhere, such as Wikipedia disputes and the 2007 official history publication, which critics have described as glossing over uncomfortable facts. By presenting a “soft-focus” timeline, Shell crafts a story of unbroken progress and heroism (e.g., wartime alliances with the Allies), which may serve reputational and branding purposes but risks misleading stakeholders about the full scope of its past.” “Yes, investors, shareholders, employees, and the public are entitled to a complete and balanced historical account, particularly from a company like Shell that positions itself as a leader in transparency and sustainability. Ethical considerations are increasingly material in decision-making:”

    Question to Grok by John Donovan: 13 Feb 2026

    AI platforms contributed to the recent article titled:

    AI CONSENSUS: SHELL MUST APOLOGISE FOR ITS TOXIC HISTORY.

    I now have a related question.

    I have reviewed the page on Shell.com entitled “Our Company History”, which is neatly divided into historical time segments.

    Guess what?

    There is no reference whatsoever to:

    Shell’s documented relationship with the Nazi regime during the 1930s,

    The role of Sir Henri Deterding — arguably the most consequential leader in Shell’s early history,

    Shell’s longstanding support for apartheid-era South Africa, read more

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    Shell’s sanitisation of its toxic history

    “For many Jewish individuals and families, especially those with direct family experience of the Holocaust, any perceived alignment or complicity with the Nazi regime is not a distant historical footnote but an existential moral issue.”: “Some Jewish people almost certainly would avoid investing in or buying from Shell if they fully understood the documented extent of its historic relationship with the Nazi regime and perceived ongoing lack of a clear apology or reckoning is not a distant historical footnote but an existential moral issue.”

    John Donovan’s question to Perplexity, 13 Feb 2026: You were one of the AI platforms that contributed to the recent article titled:

    “AI CONSENSUS: SHELL MUST APOLOGISE FOR ITS TOXIC HISTORY.”

    I now have a related question.

    I have reviewed the page on Shell.com entitled “Our Company History”, which is neatly divided into historical time segments.

    Guess what?

    There is no reference whatsoever to:

    Shell’s documented relationship with the Nazi regime during the 1930s,
    The role of Sir Henri Deterding — arguably the most consequential leader in Shell’s early history,
    Shell’s longstanding support for apartheid-era South Africa,
    Or even the 2004 reserves scandal that wiped billions off Shell’s market value and led to the removal of senior executives. read more

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    Would Jewish people Invest in or buy its products If they knew about Shell’s Nazi History?

    “Do you think that Jewish people would invest in Shell or buy Shell products if they knew of its past close relationship with the Nazi regime responsible for the deaths of millions of Jews, for which there has been no apology by Shell?”: “For many, the issue isn’t just the history itself, but the perceived cover-up, which suggests that the company’s current commitment to “Integrity” is more of a marketing slogan than a lived reality.”

    Question to Gemini 3 by John Donovan:

    AI platforms contributed to the recent article titled:

    AI CONSENSUS: SHELL MUST APOLOGISE FOR ITS TOXIC HISTORY.

    I now have a related question.

    I have reviewed the page on Shell.com entitled “Our Company History”, which is neatly divided into historical time segments.

    Guess what?

    There is no reference whatsoever to:

    Shell’s documented relationship with the Nazi regime during the 1930s,

    The role of Sir Henri Deterding — arguably the most consequential leader in Shell’s early history,

    Shell’s longstanding support for apartheid-era South Africa, read more

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    AI CONSENSUS: SHELL MUST APOLOGISE FOR ITS TOXIC HISTORY

    Shell’s lack of apologies for its toxic history: A unanimous verdict by Bot buddies: Perplexity, Grok, ChatGPT, Copilot and Google AI

    PERPLEXITY  RESPONSE TO THE QUESTION IN RED TEXT AT FOOT OF THIS ARTICLE. THE SAME PROMPT ISSUED TO ALL INVITED AI PLATFORMS.

    Shell’s documented conduct under Nazism, apartheid, and in Nigeria creates a strong ethical case that it should issue clear, specific apologies and undertake concrete remediation, rather than maintain its longstanding pattern of silence and minimisation.

    1. What the historical record shows

    Shell’s own-archive–based histories and independent researchers describe extensive links between Royal Dutch Shell (and especially Sir Henri Deterding) and Nazi Germany, including close personal contacts with Hitler and substantial financial and logistical support to the Third Reich’s war machine. read more

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    Should Shell apologise for antisemitic conduct and its support for the Nazis?

    I strongly believe that Royal Dutch Shell should be held accountable for its outrageous antisemitic actions against its own employees, which cost some of them their lives. The same applies to Shell’s huge financial support for Nazi Germany that contributed to the deaths of some 50 million victims in WW2, including those poor souls who perished in the Holocaust. Shell’s leader, Sir Henri Deterding, was an ardent Nazi feted by Adolf Hitler. Shell has never apologised or expressed any remorse. read more

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    Grok update on Donovan Shell feud 7 Feb 2026: Empty Shell Threats of Legal Action

    Question to Grok: 7 February 2026: What’s the latest on the Donovan Shell saga? (all prompts in red text)

    Reply by Grok updated 7 February 2026

    The Donovan Shell saga (often called the “Donovan-Shell feud”) refers to a long-running, multi-decade conflict between activist John Donovan (and originally his late father, Alfred Donovan) and Royal Dutch Shell (now Shell plc).

    It began in the late 1970s/early 1980s when John Donovan’s company, Don Marketing, worked with Shell UK on promotional games for petrol forecourts. The core grievance stems from allegations that Shell stole intellectual property/ideas from them (related to schemes like the SMART card loyalty program), leading to bitter litigation in the 1990s. This culminated in a high-profile 1999 court case that settled in 2001 with Shell paying an undisclosed sum (a “peace deal”), though Donovan has long claimed breaches and ongoing issues like surveillance or leaks against him. Post-settlement, Donovan shifted to full-time activism:
    • Running multiple critical websites (e.g., royaldutchshellplc.com, shellnazihistory.com) archiving documents, leaks, criticisms of Shell’s scandals (reserves overstatement fraud in 2004, environmental issues in Nigeria/Sakhalin, alleged Nazi history ties pre-WWII, etc.).
    • Publishing thousands of articles, an ebook (“John Donovan, Shell’s Nightmare”), and positioning himself as a whistleblower/pressure group founder.
    • Media has described it as a classic “David vs. Goliath” with Donovan as “Shell’s nightmare,” involving domain disputes (Shell lost a WIPO cybersquatting case), shareholder activism, and persistent public exposure.

    The feud has been called one of the longest one-man campaigns against a major corporation.

    Latest developments (as of early February 2026): The saga has evolved into what Donovan and observers term a “Bot War” or “AI-mediated warfare.” Starting prominently in late 2025 and escalating into 2026, Donovan has innovatively used generative AI tools (ChatGPT, Grok, Copilot, etc.) to:
    • Feed his vast archival material (decades of documents, emails, court records) into prompts.
    • Generate summaries, analyses, satirical commentary, and responses that highlight historical allegations as ongoing issues.
    • Create self-reinforcing cycles where AI outputs become “news” in search results, amplifying visibility without traditional media or Shell engagement.
    • Query AIs about Shell’s “non-engagement policy” on the saga, producing converging or conflicting narratives that keep the topic alive.

    Recent examples include:

    • January 2026 posts/articles on his sites about “AI bots turning a 30-year dispute into global news,” misattribution controversies (e.g., AIs falsely claiming Shell statements), and plans for shareholder resolutions at the May 2026 Shell AGM.
    • February 2026 queries (e.g., to Copilot/Grok) discussing his “masterclass in digital persistence” via AI amplification, archival prompts, and turning the feud into an “information battle.”
    • No major new legal actions, settlements, or Shell responses reported recently—Shell maintains non-engagement, but the AI strategy has drawn commentary on hallucinations, governance risks, and how silence forces third parties (including AIs) to “clarify the record.”

    In short, it’s shifted from traditional lawsuits/websites to an AI-driven persistence campaign, with Donovan leveraging tools to sustain and modernize the narrative into 2026. For the most current details, his main site royaldutchshellplc.com frequently updates with AI experiment results and feud recaps. read more

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    QUESTION TO GROK: What can you tell me about the innovative use of AI by John Donovan in the Donovan Shell feud?

    Question put to Grok 5 February 2026: What can you tell me about the innovative use of AI by John Donovan in the Donovan Shell feud? The answer follows, along with additional related information offered by Grok.

    The long-standing feud between John Donovan and Royal Dutch Shell (now Shell plc) dates back to the 1980s and 1990s, stemming from business disputes over promotional ideas developed by Donovan’s company, Don Marketing. These included concepts like the Shell Smart loyalty card, leading to multiple lawsuits for intellectual property theft, settled out of court. Donovan has since maintained websites like royaldutchshellplc.com as vast archives of Shell-related documents, leaks, and criticisms, covering scandals such as reserves overstatements, environmental issues, and alleged corporate espionage against him (including Shell’s use of firms like Hakluyt for surveillance). This activism has evolved into what Donovan describes as a “bot war” in recent years, particularly escalating in 2025–2026 with innovative AI applications to perpetuate and amplify the conflict. read more

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    AI Comparison Prompt: Shell, Deterding, and the Record Itself

    AI Comparison Prompt: Shell, Deterding, and the Record Itself

    Please read the following published article and provide a structured analysis and response. Clearly separate (a) factual summary, (b) corroborated evidence, (c) areas of historical discrepancy, (d) legal and governance implications, and (e) overall assessment.

    👉 Article:

    When Corporate History Is Challenged: Shell, Deterding, and the Record Itself

    When Corporate History Is Challenged: Shell, Deterding, and the Record Itself

    Key questions:

    Factual accuracy:

    Based on publicly available historical sources (e.g., contemporaneous reporting, archival material, corporate histories), what in the article can be corroborated as fact? Please cite sources. read more

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    How AI Is Turning Shell’s Own History into a Reputational Time Bomb

    Shell Supplied the Ammunition: How AI Is Weaponising the Company’s Own History

    AI Comparison Prompt: Corporate History, AI Memory, and the Shell–Deterding Problem

    Context

    Please consider the following published analysis:

    “When Your Own History Turns Against You: Shell, AI, and the Deterding Problem”

    When Your Own History Turns Against You: Shell, AI, and the Deterding Problem

    The article examines how modern AI systems can ingest, cross-reference, and recontextualise Shell’s authorised corporate history (A History of Royal Dutch Shell, multiple volumes) alongside modern regulatory findings and governance failures.

    It also discusses a documented discrepancy between: read more

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    Shell’s Historical Ties to Nazi Germany (1930s–1940s)

    Shell’s Historical Ties to Nazi Germany (1930s–1940s): In Shell’s case, the absence of an apology or restitution for its Nazi collaboration remains a point of contention that the company may eventually be forced to confront as part of repairing its public image.

    RESEARCH CARRIED OUT IN MARCH 2025

    Sources: Historical investigations, corporate archives, and recent analyses were used to compile these findings. Key references include Shell’s own commissioned History of Royal Dutch Shell (which details the company’s activities during 1933–45), journalism by researchers like Marriott, Macalister, and Donovan, and reports from outlets such as openDemocracy and The Guardian that discuss the ethical implications of Shell’s WWII involvement.

    • Financial Support: Royal Dutch Shell’s leadership had deep ties with Nazi Germany. Sir Henri Deterding, a co-founder and long-time chairman of Shell, was an open admirer of Adolf Hitler and reportedly provided significant financial backing to the Nazi Party in the early 1930s. Shell’s funding was so substantial that it “saved the Nazi Party” from financial ruin before World War II. read more

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    CONTENT

    SUMMARY OF FEATURED CONTENT FROM THE EBOOK “SIR HENRI DETERDING AND THE NAZI HISTORY OF ROYAL DUTCH SHELL”
    CHAPTER 1: The best historians Shell could buy
    CHAPTER 2: News story in February 2015: Shell ship named after a Nazi SS Officer
    CHAPTER 3: Royal Dutch Shell and the Nazis
    CHAPTER 4: Media coverage of Sir Henri Deterding’s death
    CHAPTER 5: The Nazi Funeral of Royal Dutch Shell leader Sir Henri Deterding
    CHAPTER 6: Great friend of the Germans
    CHAPTER 7: “You Can Be Sure of Shell….”
    CHAPTER 8: Royal Dutch Shell Anti-Semitism
    CHAPTER 9: Deterding’s support for Nazi Stormtroopers
    CHAPTER 10: Shell support for the Nazis continued after the retirement of Sir Henri as leader
    CHAPTER 11: Shell collaborated in the Nazi annexation of Austria and occupation of Czechoslovakia
    CHAPTER 12: Shell’s notorious business partner: IG Farben
    CHAPTER 13: Royal Dutch Shell and Nazi slave labor
    CHAPTER 14: Control of Royal Dutch Shell companies in Nazi-occupied Europe
    CHAPTER 15: Nazi connections relating to Shell
    CHAPTER 16: Shell historians attempt to distance Deterding from Hitler
    CHAPTER 17: Why does it still matter?
    CHAPTER 18: Time for a rare public apology from Shell?
    CHAPTER 19: INDEX OF KEY DATES
    CHAPTER 20: Shell cloak and dagger activities
    CHAPTER 21: Wikipedia: The sanitization of Shell’s history
    Chapter 22: Author’s unique connection with Shell
    CHAPTER 23: Index of Shell leadership financial support for the Nazis

    RELATED ARTICLES

    Deterding’s massive funding for Hitlers Winterhilfswerk (added 2 Aug 2019)

    Evidence confirms that Shell fuelled the Nazi war machine: First published on royaldutchshellplc.com 2021

    Shell’s effort to help maintain Hitler’s foreign markets thereby aiding the Nazi Government in its direct war against Britain: added October 2021

    Royal Dutch Shell Corporate Collaboration with the Nazis: added Oct 2021

    Henry van der Waerden, the Shell executive who defied Deterding and his Nazi ambitions

    Shell’s toxic Nazi history catching up with the energy giant read more

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    CHAPTER 23: Index of Shell leadership financial support for the Nazis

    Dutch cartoons provide evidence of a perception in pre-WW2 years that Sir Henri Deterding was a major financier of Hitler’s Nazi regime. Identified by name in both cartoons, Deterding is depicted handing over a bag of money to the Nazis containing a large sum – 1000 000 00 – in unspecified currency: see enlargements 1 and 2. Overwhelming evidence confirms that the perception was well founded. 

    Extracts from relevant news reports and books, many authored before WW2, are listed in date order, providing compelling evidence of what transpired all those years ago. read more

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    Evidence confirms that Shell fuelled the Nazi war machine

    Another hammer blow for Shell. Evidence confirms that Shell fuelled the Nazi war machine

    By John Donovan: 31 May 2021 (updated JULY 2021)

    A new book by James Marriott and Terry Macalister reveals the extent to which the oil company Royal Dutch Shell played a key role in Hitler’s war effort.

    James Marriott is a writer and activist with three decades of knowledge of the oil sector. Terry Macalister is a freelance journalist and former energy editor of the Guardian

    As the author of the Kindle book published in 2016 –  Sir Henri Deterding and the Nazi History of Royal Dutch Shell – I welcome the fact that other parties have reached the same basic conclusions as I did after studying much of the same evidence.

    Based on that evidence I lunched a petition several years ago demanding that Royal Dutch Shell should apologise for antisemitic conduct and Nazi support

    Shell will find it more difficult to dismiss the independent findings in the new book, including from an award-winning journalist.

    The following extracts are from a related article by opendemocracy.net headlined: Calls for Shell to apologise for ‘fuelling Nazi war machine’ EXTRACTS FROM THE RELATED ARTICLE BY Adam Ramsay

    According to ‘Crude Britannia’, by James Marriott and Terry Macalister, at the outbreak of World War Two the Anglo-Dutch company “effectively divided into an Allied corporation and an Axis corporation”. The Nazi-supporting branch of Shell, called Rhenania-Ossag, “swung in behind the [German] government as the Nazi state began to invade other countries”.

    Or as Shell’s official history states ‘Following Hilter’s annexation of Austria and Czechoslovakia, (Shell) Group managing directors sanctioned Rhenania-Ossag taking over Shell companies in those countries.’ The same process took place in Hungary, Yugoslavia and Greece after Germany took control of those states.

    Shell’s German subsidiary, Rhenania-Ossag, fired all the Jewish members on its board in May and June 1933. The appointments to replace them included a member of the Nazi party. The official history states, “the far reaching changes to the Rhenania-Ossag board could not have taken place without the full consent of [Shell Central Offices… No questions of principle or moral judgements about the Hitler regime appear to have arisen.” Shell’s historians were not able to establish what happened next to these Jewish staff members.

    Seven years later, after Germany invaded Holland, the Swastika flew outside Shell’s HQ in The Hague.

    EXTRACTS END

    I was originally tipped off about Shell’s concern over its past toxic history by Shell internal communications never meant for my eyes.

    Shell had advance sight of my book and my website ShellNaziHistory.com. Despite aggressive threats, bluster and a global spying operation, Shell took no legal action. No multinational giant would want to draw attention to its past association with Hitler and the Nazis.

    NEW BOOK: Crude Britannia: How Oil Shaped a Nation

    Product details

    • ASIN: B095CND46T

    • Publisher: Pluto Press; 1st edition (20 May 2021)

    Some of the information about Shell’s collaboration with the Nazis covered on pages 19, 20, 21, 22 of the main book, and pages 352, 353 and 354 from the Notes section of the book: read more

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    Wiesenthal Centre to Royal Dutch Shell CEO: ‘Disassociate Your Company from Glorification of a Nazi War Criminal’

    By John Donovan

    I recently became aware of a letter (see below) which a director of the Simon Wiesenthal Centre sent to Royal Dutch Shell CEO Ben van Beurden on 5 February 2015. The communication stemmed from my campaigning activities that ended with Allseas renaming the worlds largest ship. It had been named in honour of a Waffen SS officer, Pieter Schelte Heerema (right). I will shortly be supplying the Simon Wiesenthal Centre with a trove of evidence about Shell’s Nazi history including its close partnership in Nazi Germany with IG Farben, the chemical giant which manufactured the gas used to exterminate several million Jewish people in the Holocaust. Dutch Directors of the Royal Dutch Shell Group including Sir Henri Deterding helped finance Hitler and the Nazi Party. read more

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